Editor's note

When James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis came up with the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s to explain the way life on Earth has survived over billions of years, it was considered controversial and, despite being beloved of environmentalists, remains hard to prove. But James Dyke and Tim Lenton believe they have come up with a way to put the theory to the test.

Seventy years ago, when the NHS was created by Nye Bevan, the organisation consumed 2% of GDP. Today, that share is 7%, and the NHS is now as vast as it is complex. Maria Goddard has eight simple charts that will help you get your head around everything from where the NHS budget is spent, to changes in demographics.

In the 1960s, scientists opened the door to inventions such as solar panels and LEDs using crystals made of different chemical compounds that could be built up layer by layer. As Brian Geradot explains, the realisation that something similar, and more sophisticated, can now be done with substances like graphene could open the door to yet more technological possibilities.

It’s been six years since Freetown Christiania in Copenhagen secured its survival from speculation by developers. Helen Jarvis looks back on a remarkable social experiment that embodies the values of “degrowth” – allowing its residents to escape the earn-to-spend treadmill of city living.

Jonathan Este

Associate Editor

Top stories

Romolo Tavani / shutterstock

Scientists finally have an explanation for the 'Gaia puzzle'

James Dyke, University of Southampton; Tim Lenton, University of Exeter

We have long wondered why Earth has stayed habitable enough for life to evolve over billions of years.

WILL OLIVER/EPA

The NHS explained in eight charts

Maria Goddard, University of York

Everything you need to know about the NHS, as it enters its 70th year of existence.

Ready layer one. tschub

Graphene and the atomic crystals that could see next big breakthrough in tech

Brian Geradot, Heriot-Watt University

Layering substances like graphene in new ways could unlock help us to build quantum computers or transmit electricity over long distances.

Community post office, Freetown Christiania. Helen Jarvis.

Degrowth and Christiania – I saw how Copenhagen's collective living experiment can work

Helen Jarvis, Newcastle University

The residents of Freetown Christiania have lived by degrowth values for decades.

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