Editor's note

Why the Earth has so much water and where it comes from has long been a bit of a mystery. Some geoscientists argue it must have been brought here by asteroids, while others believe it was always locked into the Earth’s rocks and later leaked out. Now researchers have proposed an answer – and it involves a type of asteroid we didn’t think contained very much water. Monica Grady says the finding is surprising and shows that the solar system is probably a lot wetter than had previously been thought.

South African athlete, Caster Semenya, has lost her fight against the IAAF ruling which says that female athletes with high testosterone levels have to take drugs to lower those levels. Daniel Kelly says that, while testosterone does confer athletic benefit, so does height, muscle composition and aerobic capacity. And these are also natural characteristics attributable to the luck of our genetic makeup. So why do we sanction one natural characteristic but not another?

When Leonardo da Vinci died, 500 years ago today, the world lost perhaps the greatest polymath of all time. Artist, sculptor, engineer and inventor, there were few limits to his intellect and endless curiosity about how things worked. The drawings and notes he compiled have left scholars in no doubt that Leonardo was ahead of his time in so many ways and he even brought his inquiring mind to the world of music, as Tim Shephard reports.

Miriam Frankel

Science Editor

Top stories

Asteroids known as ‘S-type’ contain a lot more water than we thought. Oliver Denker/Shuttestock

How did the Earth get its water? Asteroid sample gives a surprising answer

Monica Grady, The Open University

New research demonstrates that the solar system is wetter than we thought,

EPA/MARTIN DIVISEK

Caster Semenya: how much testosterone is too much for a female athlete?

Daniel Kelly, Sheffield Hallam University

The question of whether heightened testosterone confers an advantage for some female athletes remains contentious.

Marcantonio Raimondi’s 1505 engraving may show Leonardo da Vinci playing an instrument called a lira da braccio. Cleveland Museum of Art.

Leonardo da Vinci: portrait of the artist as a musician is slightly off key

Tim Shephard, University of Sheffield

A lot has been said about Leonardo and music, much of it speculation. But what do we know for sure?

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  • Four ways in which Leonardo da Vinci was ahead of his time

    Hywel Jones, Sheffield Hallam University; Alessandro Soranzo, Sheffield Hallam University; Jeff Waldock, Sheffield Hallam University; Rebecca Sharpe, Sheffield Hallam University

    Engineer, artist, mathematician, thinker: Leonardo da Vinci was all these and more.

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