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Issue N. 3                                                                                                              March 2021

 

Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health 

In this Issue we focus on some examples of what PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres (CCs) under the Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinant of Health (CDE) have been doing with PAHO/WHO in the past two years. 

CCs are typically parts of institutions which have been designated by the WHO Director-General to carry out activities in support of the Organization's programs.

In the Region of the Americas, Pan-Americanism is one of the guiding principles of PAHO's technical cooperation. More importantly, the work of CCs is done in that same spirit - countries helping countries, for the benefit of all. This newsletter aims to highlight this work.

 

 

See how CCs are supporting PAHO/WHO

 

Dr. Pilar Ramon-Pardo

PAHO/WHO CC on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
(ARG-43)

Dr. Agnes Soares

PAHO/WHO CC on Environmental and Public Health
(BRA-62)

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Training in Environmental Epidemiology
(MEX-18)

PAHO/WHO CC on Health Risk Assessment and Children's Environmental Health
(MEX-21)

PAHO/WHO CC for Environmental Health Sciences
(USA-381)

PAHO/WHO CC in Human Environmental Toxicology
(URU-2)

 

Dr. Ruben Santiago Nicholls

PAHO/WHO CC for the Training of Personnel in the Control & Research of Leprosy, mainly for Portuguese Speaking Countries
(BRA-29)


PAHO/WHO CC for the Control, Training and Research of Leprosy in the Americas
(BRA-57)

 

Collaboration in 60-Second Bytes

PAHO/WHO CC for Epidemiology and Control of Tuberculosis​ 
(ARG-15) 

FACT: Collaborating on the consolidation, analysis and production of tables, figures and graphs related to TB data collected from Member States and in the development of Regional TB Reports 2019 and 2020; also supported the development of TB epidemiological reviews (TB Epi-reviews) in selected countries of the Region, training, and a regional workshop on the Analysis and Use of Tuberculosis Information in the Americas. Activities are targeted at those working on TB and national TB programs.

IMPACT: Better understanding of the epidemiological and programmatic situation of TB in Member States resulting in better monitoring and accountability.

 PAHO/WHO CC for Insecticide Resistance and Insecticide Research on Chagas and Dengue Vectors 
(ARG-29)
 

FACT: Participated in the development of the Argentine Network for Insecticide Resistance Monitoring; contributed to the mapping of national and provincial initiatives and the
update of strategies to achieve the elimination of vector transmission of Chagas Disease; and advanced in the installation of a Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) laboratory to 
evaluate insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes, and produce insecticide
-impregnated papers.  Deliverables targeted at Member States and laboratories working with insecticide resistance surveillance.

IMPACT: Strengthened national insecticide resistance surveillance networks; increased regional capacity for the evaluation of products for vector control based on the use of insecticides; and increased accessibility  of insecticide-impregnated papers. 

PAHO/WHO CC for Training and Research in Urban Zoonoses Control 
(BRA-49) 

FACT: Coordinates the Virtual Network for the Zoonosis Control Centres for the America Region.

IMPACT: Collaboration results in the exchange of experience, good  practices, and technical advice. 

 PAHO/WHO CC in Rabies 
(BRA-75)


FACT: Identified and sequenced the rabies virus from several Member States

IMPACT: Better understanding of the rabies epidemiology.

PAHO/WHO CC for Control and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores 
(CAN-37)
 

FACT: Hosted training for national rabies laboratories across the Region.

IMPACT: Building capacity across the Region. 

 PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Training in Parasite Epidemiology and Control 
(CAN-88) 

FACT: Supported the development of a guideline for preventive chemotherapy for Taenia solium
teniasis, disseminated virtually and face-to-face, targeted at neglected infectious diseases control program managers, public health workers, and researchers.

IMPACT: Can be used regionally and globally in Taeniasis endemic regions.

PAHO/WHO CC on
Leishmaniasis Control 
(COL-26)
 

FACT: Published “Interactive Atlas of Leishmaniasis in the Americas - Clinical aspects and differential diagnoses,” in Spanish and English, to provide health professionals with the possibility of searching, knowing and interactively analyzing 1,029 photos and illustrations of leishmaniasis and differential diagnosis to support the care of infected patients; hosted a virtual course on NTD-skin - Cutaneous and mucosal Leishmaniasis in the Americas. Deliverables are targeted at health workers, students, researchers, and teachers.

IMPACT: Regional and global impact, since material is accessible to 
any health worker in the Region for
 the diagnosis and care of  leishmaniasis patients.

PAHO/WHO CC for the Study and Control of Dengue 
(CUB-18) 

FACT: Updated clinical management guidelines for arbovirus infections
 for June 2021; developed a dengue course on clinical diagnosis and management (
English and Spanish); and a virtual classroom for training of teachers (available on PAHO's Virtual Campus for Public Health). Training is intended for health personnel in charge of the primary care of arboviral diseases.

IMPACT: Since its launch, more than 24,000 health professionals have been trained in 43 countries.  

PAHO/WHO CC for Surveillance of Anti-malarial Drug Resistance 
(FRA-125
) 

FACT: Provides services to characterize malaria resistance across countries in the Guiana Shield and Amazonian region, including (1) phenotyping parasites against several antimalarial drugs, (2) genotyping parasites, and (3) genotyping of polymorphic markers;  assists Member States with the molecular analysis as part of Therapeutic Efficacy Study protocols;
 and conducts specific analysis of
 samples from French Guiana, Guyana, and Venezuela, sharing information regarding molecular markers circulating in the Guiana shield area, the absence of drug resistance to artemisinin combination therapies, and information regarding HRP2/HRP3 gene deletion.

IMPACT: Characterization of malaria resistance across countries in the Guiana Shield and Amazonian region thereby providing important information to guide national malaria programs on procurement of Rapid Diagnostic Tests.

PAHO/WHO CC for Training on Malaria Microscopy Diagnosis 
(MEX-29)
 

FACT: Offers Malaria Microscopy training to assess the competency for malaria diagnosis; provides PAHO with technical reviews of malaria diagnosis documents and processes in the Region; and collaborated in the technical review of a virtual course on malaria diagnosis. Training is targeted at national reference laboratories of the Region.

IMPACT: Contributes to PAHO’s malaria elimination and global eradication goals to promptly detect, diagnose and treat malaria, and to maintain capacities to prevent reestablishment under quality assurance standards.

PAHO/WHO CC for Reference and Research on Rabies 
(USA-130)
 

FACT: Conducted research on rabies control, epidemiology, diagnosis, and training. Deliverables are targeted at zoonosis control centers and national Rabies programs and laboratories from the Region.

IMPACT: Capacity building across the Region.

PAHO/WHO CC on Water and Indoor Air Quality and Food Safety 
(USA-403) 

FACT: Tested the performance of household water treatment (HWT) technologies in removing pathogens from drinking-water; supported the review of the chemical aspects of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ), including conducting literature reviews and summarizing risk assessments. Targeted at institutions of health, environment, water and sanitation, as well as academia.

IMPACT: Key for improving the quality of water for the population at risk where the water supply is insecure in our Region and in the which the marginal urban, rural and dispersed rural population is the most affected. Likewise, these technologies are used in emergencies that affect water quality. 

PAHO/WHO CC for Onchocerciasis Diagnostics
(USA-442)  

FACT: Collaborates with Brazil and Venezuela through the onchocerciasis elimination program for the Americas (OEPA) and several countries in Africa on issues related to serological diagnosis and entomological assessments of the impact of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) elimination programs.  

IMPACT: Entomological and serological assessments are crucial for towards  the elimination of onchocerciasis transmission. These assessments are used to make decisions regarding the Mass Drug Administration strategy such as stopping treatment and verifying the elimination of transmission. 

PAHO/WHO CC for Trachoma 
(USA-443) 

FACT:  Conducted consultations to identify operational research gaps in the use of serology as a tool to strengthen surveillance of trachoma, resulting in a manuscript on the current status and priorities for future investigation; provided technical assistance, training, reagents, materials, and supplies to public health laboratories in Mexico and Paraguay on the use of Multiplex Bead Assay (MBA) in the Multiplex Initiative; provides technical support on population-based integrated serosurveillance survey protocols, training and supplies for implementation of the surveys, and support for analysis and interpretation of data produced in Brazil, Mexico, and Paraguay; also provided technical assistance to Guatemala and Guyana for the inclusion of serology for multiple diseases within surveys for neglected infectious diseases and is analyzing samples for results in 2021. Targeted mainly at Ministries of Health and national public health labs, where trachoma is a public health problem.

 

IMPACT: Improved trachoma surveillance at the regional and global level through the development of innovative surveillance tools which promote integrated and inter programmatic work.

Publications  

Chagas Disease 

  • Chagas cardiomyopathy associated with serological cure after trypanocidal treatment during childhood
     
  • Some Limitations for Early Diagnosis of Congenital Chagas Infection by PCR

Dengue and Insecticide Resistance

  • Quantitative evaluation of the behavioral response to attractant and repellent compounds in Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae
     
  • First record of domestic colonies of the dark chromatic variant of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
     
  • Modelling the association between deltamethrin resistance in Triatoma infestans populations of the Argentinian Gran Chaco region with environmental factors
     
  • Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae): The Putative Role of Enhanced Detoxification and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele in a Resistant Hotspot From the Argentine Chaco

Malaria

  • Local emergence in Amazonia of Plasmodium falciparum k13 C580Y mutants associated with in vitro artemisinin resistance

Tuberculosis 

  • Tuberculosis in the Americas. Regional report 2019
  • Framework for the evaluation of new tests for tuberculosis infection

Rabies

  • Further Evidence of Inadequate Quality in Lateral Flow Devices Commercially Offered for the Diagnosis of Rabies
  • Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns
  • Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths
     
  • Portable Rabies Virus Sequencing in Canine Rabies Endemic Countries Using the Oxford Nanopore MinION
     
  • Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt — Kansas, 2019
     
  • Evaluation of Online Risk Assessment To Identify Rabies Exposures Among Health Care Workers — Utah, 2019
     
  • Bat and Lyssavirus Exposure among Humans in Area that Celebrates Bat Festival, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013
     
  • Costs and effectiveness of alternative dog vaccination strategies to improve dog population coverage in rural and urban settings during a rabies outbreak
     
  • Oral bait preferences and feasibility of oral rabies vaccination in Bangladeshi dogs
     
  • Epidemiology of rabies cases among international travellers, 2013–2019: A retrospective analysis of published reports
     
  • Barriers to attendance of canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti, 2017
     
  • Reviewing Solutions of Scale for Canine Rabies Elimination in India
     
  • Risk Modeling of Bat Rabies in the Caribbean Islands
  • An epidemiological study of suspected rabies exposures and adherence to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Eastern Thailand, 2015 
     
  • Towards rabies elimination in the Asia-Pacific region: From theory to practice
     
  • Quantifying the risk of rabies in biting dogs in Haiti
     
  • Using the LN34 Pan-Lyssavirus Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Rabies Diagnosis and Rapid Genetic Typing from Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue
     
  • Public Veterinary Medicine: Public Health: Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2018
     
  • Evaluation of species identification and rabies virus characterization among bat rabies cases in the United States 
     
  • Evaluation of rabies virus characterization to enhance early detection of important rabies epizootic events in the United States

Water Quality

  • Results of Round II of the WHO Household Water Treatment Evaluation Scheme
     
  • Cyanobacterial toxins: anatoxin-a and analogues: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments
     
  • Organotins in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality
     
  • Trichloroethene in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality

Zoonoses

  • Norma Técnica para a vigilância e controle de Achatina fulica no Município de São Paulo
     
  • Norma técnica de vigilância y control de Achatina fulica en la ciudad de São Paulo
     
  • Série Educativa da Fauna Sinantrópica: Caramujo africano (Achatina fulica)
     
  • Virus in Fruit Bats, Brazil
     
  • A new species of Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with monkeys and passerines of the Atlantic rainforest biome, Southeastern Brazil  
     
  • Fatal Brazilian Spotted Fever Associated with Dogs and Amblyomma aureolatum Ticks, Brazil 
     
  • Angistrongylus cantonensis and Ancylostoma caninum detection in snails of São Paulo city (2016-2017), Brazil
     
  • Rabies virus monitoring in bat populations in Rondônia state, Brazil
     
  • Esporotricose: situação na cidade de São Paulo e a importância do clínico veterinário na vigilância dessa zoonose

General Announcements

WHO CCs are institutions such as universities, hospitals, research institutes, academies or ministries which have been designated to carry out activities in support of the Organization’s programs. This is accomplished by aligning CC workplans with various mandates and guiding documents of the Organization. One such instrument is the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs). To learn more click on the link below:

SDG Alignment of PAHO/WHO CCs

 

Read our Previous Spotlights 

Antimicrobial Resistance
Chagas Disease
Dengue Control
Environmental Health
Insecticide Resistance and Research on Chagas and Dengue Vectors
Leprosy
Leptospirosis
Malaria 

  • Watch spotlight video on MEX-29
  • Watch spotlight video on FRA-125

Neglected, Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases
Trachoma and Prevention of Blindness

  • Watch spotlight video on USA-443

Tuberculosis
Ultraviolet Radiation
Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Water Quality and Sanitation 
Zoonoses and Rabies

  • Watch spotlight video on BRA-49
  • Watch spotlight video on BRA-75
     
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Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health | Pan American Health Organization
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