When I was a kid, I remember a dentist coming to school almost every year to tell us how to properly take care of our teeth. While they handed out plenty of advice — such as making sure to floss and avoiding too much sugar — the biggest takeaway was a rule of thumb that most of us are probably familiar with: brush your teeth two times a day and for two minutes each time.

This guidance has been around in some iteration since the 1970s. Studies in the 1990s showed it really was a good tactic for removing plaque. But more recent research suggests brushing for three or four minutes might actually be significantly better. However, time isn’t the only factor, and there’s also the risk of over-brushing to consider, as Josefine Hirschfeld explains.

The novel Dune, recently adapted into a movie, is set on the desert planet of Arrakis. But can a barren world first envisioned in the 1960s stack up against the latest mathematical models of a climate system? Three climate scientists, and sci-fans, have tried to find out by simulating what such a planet would actually be like to live on.

In advance of today’s budget, a finance and economy specialist has answered some big questions about what to expect from Rishi Sunak’s announcement. Plus look out for our expert reaction once the tax and spending plans have been delivered.

Heather Kroeker

Commissioning Editor, Health + Medicine

The two minute rule has been recommended since the 70s. WAYHOME studio/ Shutterstock

Is brushing your teeth for two minutes enough? Here’s what the evidence says

Josefine Hirschfeld, University of Birmingham

Three to four minutes may actually be ideal for plaque removal.

Chiabella James / Warner Bros

Dune: we simulated the desert planet of Arrakis to see if humans could survive there

Alex Farnsworth, University of Bristol; Michael Farnsworth, University of Sheffield; Sebastian Steinig, University of Bristol

Is Dune scientifically plausible? We ran a climate model to find out.

‘Fingers crossed for a glorious 2022.’ EPA

Autumn budget expert Q&A: ‘Rishi Sunak is gambling that economic recovery is genuine’

Steve Schifferes, City, University of London

There’s a long list of pre-announcements, but it remains to be seen how much turns out to be smoke and mirrors.

Politics + Society

Environment + Energy

Arts + Culture

Health + Medicine

 

Featured events

Holocaust History Under Siege

— Museum of London, 150 London Wall, Barbican, London, EC2Y 5HN, London, London, City of, EC2Y 5HN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — Gresham College

Approaches to creativity, diversity, and sustainability in education: perspectives from the Shakespeare, Race and Pedagogy project

— Online University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Warwickshire, B15 2TT, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham

Sport for a new generation

— Edgbaston Park Hotel, 53 Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2RS, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham

The Future Business District in a Changing City Centre

— The Exchange, 3 Centenary Square, , Birmingham, Birmingham, B1 2DR, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham

More events
 

Contact us here to have your event listed.

For sponsorship opportunities, email us here