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When I was a kid, I remember a dentist coming to school almost every year to tell us how to properly take care of our teeth. While they handed out plenty of advice — such as making sure to floss and avoiding too much sugar — the biggest takeaway was a rule of thumb that most of us are probably familiar with: brush your teeth two times a day and for two minutes each time.
This guidance has been around in some iteration since the 1970s. Studies in the 1990s showed it really was a good tactic for removing plaque. But more recent research suggests brushing for three or four minutes might actually be significantly better. However, time isn’t the only factor, and there’s also the risk of over-brushing to consider, as Josefine Hirschfeld explains.
The novel Dune, recently adapted into a movie, is set on the desert planet of Arrakis. But can a barren world first envisioned in the 1960s stack up against the latest mathematical models of a climate system? Three climate scientists, and sci-fans, have tried to find out by simulating what such a planet would actually be like to live on.
In advance of today’s budget, a finance and economy specialist has answered some big questions about what to expect from Rishi Sunak’s announcement. Plus look out for our expert reaction once the tax and spending plans have been delivered.
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Heather Kroeker
Commissioning Editor, Health + Medicine
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The two minute rule has been recommended since the 70s.
WAYHOME studio/ Shutterstock
Josefine Hirschfeld, University of Birmingham
Three to four minutes may actually be ideal for plaque removal.
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Chiabella James / Warner Bros
Alex Farnsworth, University of Bristol; Michael Farnsworth, University of Sheffield; Sebastian Steinig, University of Bristol
Is Dune scientifically plausible? We ran a climate model to find out.
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‘Fingers crossed for a glorious 2022.’
EPA
Steve Schifferes, City, University of London
There’s a long list of pre-announcements, but it remains to be seen how much turns out to be smoke and mirrors.
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Politics + Society
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Paul Whiteley, University of Essex; Harold D Clarke, University of Texas at Dallas
Should the chancellor cut taxes to win votes ahead of the next election? It’s tempting but a lesson from history shows what happens when you go too far.
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Tomasz Kamusella, University of St Andrews
What does communism 2.0 mean for democracy?
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David E Kiwuwa, University of Nottingham
Sudan has needed and will require compromise and principled political goodwill to realise a difficult transition from military rule.
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Mohammad Qadam Shah, Seattle Pacific University
A scholar from Afghanistan outlines what more than $150 billion in assistance did and didn’t accomplish in two decades following the arrival of U.S. troops un 2001.
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Environment + Energy
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Wändi Bruine de Bruin, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
The language around climate change can feel overwhelming. A psychology and public policy expert breaks it down in plain English.
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Rachel Kyte, Tufts University
The world isn’t on track to avoid dangerous climate change, and this year’s climate conference, COP26, is crucial, a former senior UN official writes.
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Anna Pigott, Swansea University
Regardless of the outcomes of COP26, imaginations have already revolted.
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Arts + Culture
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Martin Farr, Newcastle University
The satirical magazine has long been a unique example of conservatism and iconoclasm.
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Health + Medicine
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Michael Head, University of Southampton
Ivermectin is vital for controlling a number of neglected tropical diseases, but mixed messaging and reported side-effects from its misuse against COVID could turn patients off it.
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Featured events
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— Museum of London, 150 London Wall, Barbican, London, EC2Y 5HN, London, London, City of, EC2Y 5HN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — Gresham College
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— Online University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Warwickshire, B15 2TT, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham
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— Edgbaston Park Hotel, 53 Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2RS, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham
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— The Exchange, 3 Centenary Square, , Birmingham, Birmingham, B1 2DR, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — University of Birmingham
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