Merry Christmas to those who celebrate it, and good health and good cheer to all — we could all use a little cheer as 2020 draws to a close.

The past year has been one of constant and crucial health news, and I’d like to end it with a huge shout out to the researchers and scientists — all 358 of them — who shared their knowledge and expertise in The Conversation Canada’s health stories this year. They helped us understand the pandemic and all of the ways it affected our lives in 2020, and people clearly wanted to read what they had to say. We published 262 health stories in just under a year, and those stories were read more than 10 million times. Ten million!

The year 2020 turned us all into armchair epidemiologists, virologists and immunologists. Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, a vast number of people who normally don’t brush up on those topics found themselves learning about the characteristic structure of a coronavirus, and what zoonosis is, and how pathogens spread and, eventually, about how vaccines work.

Some highlights include a historian's take on what we can learn from past pandemics, a look at how minks could influence viral mutations, a warning about spending lockdown on the sofa and an explainer about what clinical trial reports tell us about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

It’s been a heck of a learning curve.

Perhaps it shows where our priorities lie that out of all of The Conversation Canada’s coronavirus coverage, the two most-read stories answered questions about face masks and about when we might be able to go back to what we used to call normal. Catherine Clase, Juan Jesus Carrero and Edouard Fu’s FAQ about how cloth face masks can stop a tiny virus helped people learn how to protect the people around them, and Catharine Chambers’ story about when the lockdowns and restrictions might end helped people understand the challenges ahead.

The pandemic has commanded attention for most of the year, but there were other worries, too. Like Leishmania, a flesh-eating parasite. It’s a tropical bug, so it might not seem like an imminent risk, but Victoria Wagner, Christopher Fernandez-Prada and Martin Olivier described how the parasite has been hitching rides to North America from warmer climates — on dogs! And then there’s the looming danger of antimicrobial resistance. As Lori L. Burrows explained, the threat of drug-resistant superbugs is very real, and is actually getting worse during COVID-19 because of the truckloads of antimicrobial products used to combat the virus.

Although the year that’s been condemned as a dumpster fire is coming to an end, COVID-19 will still be with us as 2021 begins, and will likely affect much of the year ahead. I’m depending on Canada’s researchers and scientists to continue helping us make sense of it.

Wishing you and your loved ones a happy and safe new year!

Patricia Nicholson

Health + Medicine Editor

The Year in Health + Medicine

COVID-19 vaccines: How Pfizer’s and Moderna’s 95% effective mRNA shots work

Julian Daniel Sunday Willett, McGill University

Two pharma companies have announced early COVID-19 vaccine trial results with over 90 per cent effectiveness. What does that mean for getting back to normal?

History’s crystal ball: What the past can tell us about COVID-19 and our future

Ellen J Amster, McMaster University

Pandemic histories are useful for understanding COVID-19, but how they connect with race, public health, revolution, labour and colonialism are needed to explain the present and predict the future.

The mink link: How COVID-19 mutations in animals affect human health and vaccine effectiveness

Byram W. Bridle, University of Guelph; Leonardo Susta, University of Guelph; Samira Mubareka, University of Toronto; Sarah Wootton, University of Guelph; Shayan Sharif, University of Guelph

In the disturbing scenario of human-to-mink-to-human COVID-19 transmission, the virus may mutate in mink prior to re-infecting people. That possibility makes vaccine design even more crucial.

Dangers of a sedentary COVID-19 lockdown: Inactivity can take a toll on health in just two weeks

James McKendry, McMaster University

Most people know the benefits of physical activity. However, we tend to be less aware of how damaging inactivity can be, even for short periods — especially for older adults.

COVID-19 vaccine FAQ: 6 things to look for in clinical trial results

Alan McGreevy, University of Winnipeg

With COVID-19 vaccine announcements making headlines, non-scientists need to know what clinical trial results mean. Here are some key points to look for in vaccine trial reports.

COVID-19 masks FAQs: How can cloth stop a tiny virus? What’s the best fabric? Do they protect the wearer?

Catherine Clase, McMaster University; Edouard Fu, Leiden University; Juan Jesus Carrero, Karolinska Institutet

Epidemiologists reviewed 25 studies of cloth face masks. Here’s what they found out about how well they work, why they work, who they protect and why the mosquito and chain-link fence analogy is wrong.

When will the coronavirus restrictions end in Canada?

Catharine Chambers, University of Toronto

Canadians are living under a states of emergency, coping with a limping economy and social distancing as well as the stress of the pandemic itself. Many might be asking: when will it end?

A flesh-eating parasite carried by dogs is making its way to North America

Victoria Wagner, Université de Montréal; Christopher Fernandez-Prada, Université de Montréal; Martin Olivier, McGill University

Importing dogs into Canada has also introduced a flesh-eating parasite that is transmissible to humans. Veterinarians, researchers and public health officials should work together to curtail the disease.

Drug-resistant superbugs: A global threat intensified by the fight against coronavirus

Lori L. Burrows, McMaster University

Antimicrobial resistance is a public health and economic disaster waiting to happen. If we do not address this threat, by 2050 more people will die from drug-resistant infections than from cancer.

COVID-19 caution fatigue: Why it happens, and 3 ways to prevent it

David J. A. Dozois, Western University

As the pandemic wears on, some people struggle to keep adhering to restrictions and social distancing guidelines. There are psychological reasons for caution fatigue, and ways to overcome it.