Maps are, and always have been, a crucial part of war. They convey the movement of troops and control of territory in a way that is easy to understand. Countless maps have been produced to help us visualise the ongoing conflicts in Gaza and Ukraine. But within maps also lies a potential for manipulation.

Doug Specht, a reader in cultural geography and communications at the University of Winchester, explains how the history of warfare is rife with instances of maps being used to dehumanise the enemy. In Rwanda, for example, extremist Hutu media outlets produced maps that starkly divided Hutu and Tutsi areas. These maps often used symbols like machetes or snakes to depict Tutsis, portraying them as violent and dangerous, thus justifying a genocide that claimed the lives of over 800,000 people. Such problems are being replicated in conflicts today, including in Ukraine and Gaza – not always so deliberately but with equally devastating repercussions.

Also today, new research has highlighted the havoc artificial sweeteners can play with your gut microbes. And we hear why China is risking US sanctions by arming Russia in its war against Ukraine, partly to contain North Korea but partly to keep the west busy.

Sam Phelps

Commissioning Editor, International Affairs

kirill_makarov/Shutterstock

How maps are used and abused in times of conflict

Doug Specht, University of Westminster

Maps can shape how we see conflict.

Ground Picture/Shutterstock

Artificial sweetener could harm your gut and the microbes that live there – new study

Havovi Chichger, Anglia Ruskin University

The new generation of artificial sweeteners was meant to be less harmful than the previous generation. A new study suggests they might be just as harmful.

US secretary of state Antony Blinken and China’s foreign minister Wang Yi in Beijing on April 26. AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein/Alamy

Why is China risking US sanctions by arming Russia? Survival

Chee Meng Tan, University of Nottingham

China’s need for allies is driven by its worry about neighbouring North Korea and concern about western dominance.

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